Carl Gustav s Influence On Personality Theory - 1811 Words

Why do we dream? Why do we dream about certain things? These are just some of the questions that Carl Gustav Jung sought to answer throughout his lifetime. Like Sigmund Freud, he also developed theories to try to explain consciousness. Jung also sought to try to explain people’s personalities. His personality theory would go on to shape how we describe personalities to this very day. Jung could be described as a bit eccentric when it came to his work. It is strange in the fact that a lot of the analysis that he used to shape is theories were done on himself. However, his work is an amalgamation of influences from different academic fields. His work started as wanting to combine the scientific method with psychiatry, but would later in his†¦show more content†¦While he studied medicine at the University of Basel, his father developed cancer and died. This left Jung as the head of the family to take care of his mother and sister. He soon found out that the financial bur den that his family faced. He also was being pressured by extended family to drop his studies at the university, so that he could financially support his family. However, with the help of other family members, he as able to complete his education at the university. He would go on to meet the qualifications for physician job after f and half years. In his studies, he strayed away from physiology and focused on evolutionary theory and anatomy. In his own time, he studied the works of Kant, Eduard von Hartmann, and Nietzsche. Towards the end of his time at the university, he took and was fascinated by psychiatry classes. Frank McLynn writes, â€Å"Although psychology was then held in academic contempt as a subject for intellectual lesser breeds. Jung was intoxicated by the discovery of a discipline that united science and the humanities†¦ (1998)† To the surprise of many at the university, he decided to specialize in psychiatry (McLynn, 1998). Jung moved to Burghà ¶lzli, Zu rich. There he was a part of the staff at a hospital that specialized in the treatment of mental illness. While there he quickly rose in rank, and he wrote o a book about dementia praecox, which is today known as schizophrenia. He also at this time, started to publish papersShow MoreRelatedCarl Jung s Theory Of The Mind Challenged The Existing Dogma1533 Words   |  7 PagesCarl Gustav Jung II was a psychiatrist whose theories of the mind challenged the existing dogma. His works with human cognition, the basic structure of the psyche, and association experiments are widely known today in the form of the concepts of the introvert and the extrovert, psychological archetypes, and basic tests of word association. Although many basic principles of psychology today are based upon his original discoveries and theories, they were not conceived without external insight. SocialRead MoreThe Influences Of C. G. Jung1523 Words   |  7 PagesThe Influences of C. G. Jung Carl Gustav Jung II was a psychiatrist whose theories of the mind challenged the existing dogma. His works with human cognition, the basic structure of the psyche, and association experiments are widely known today in the form of the concepts of the introvert and the extrovert, psychological archetypes, and basic tests of word association. Although many basic principles of psychology today are based upon his original discoveries and theories, they were not conceivedRead MoreThe Theory Of Personality Psychology1019 Words   |  5 Pagesnot like you at all? It’s ironic how a person personality is shaped. Personality is included in basically everyday life. Personality defines a person. Personality is like a big stew mixed with emotions, behaviors, and patterns of thought that truly define a person. Personality Psychology is the study of these different patterns among a group of people or culture. The studies of psychology started from Hippocrates’ theory that argues tha t personality traits are based on four different sections. ThisRead MoreThe Mythology Of The Greek Mythology1438 Words   |  6 PagesNowadays people remember Ancient Greece somewhat, pieces here and there, taught briefly in your common high school global history class. What most people often forget is that the Ancient Greeks were and still are such a great influence towards our Western culture. Of course, they are not the only ones who have contributed to our knowledgeable society. Though, when it comes to the category of psychology I believe that the Ancient Greeks contributed the most, specifically with their mythology. A mythRead MoreThe Surface Represents The Consciousness Essay1029 Words   |  5 Pagespsychoanalysis is to make the unconscious conscious. His psychoanalytic theory of personality challenges that human conduct is the after effect of the associations among three segment parts of the brain which are the Id, ego and superego. This â€Å"structural theory† of personality has a large significance on how disagreements among the parts of the mind shape behaviour and personality. These disagreements are mostly unconscious. Human personality emerges as a composite of early adolescence encounters of whichRead MoreThe Mbti Assessment963 Words   |  4 PagesLeadership: The MBTI Assessment The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is a personality assessment that helps to assess one s psychological preferences based on a psychometric questionnaire. These preferences were extracted from the typological theories proposed by Carl Gustav Jung writings in his book Psychological Types . The MBTI focuses on normal populations and emphasizes the value of naturally occurring differences. [1] Also recognized commonly as a behavioral assessment tool, the MBTIRead MoreContemporary Education : Support The Learning Requirements Of Introverted And Introverted Students Equally3135 Words   |  13 Pagesunheard; their thoughts and solutions are rarely heard or mentioned. Their ideas are perceived as beta by comparison to the labeled leaders, and are therefore held with little regard or credibility. In efforts to organize and identify human personality types, Carl Jung was one of the first psychologists to bring attention to, and define the differences among introverts and extroverts. In the simplest terms, an extrovert can be thought of as one who thrives in an environment that focuses on externalRead More Carl Gustav Jung and the Buddhist Mandala Essay3657 Words   |  15 PagesCarl Gustav Jung and the Buddhist Mandala A one-time disciple of Sigmund Freuds, Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961) is credited with contributing significantly to the burgeoning field of psychotherapy by formulating some of the first ideas regarding dream analysis, psychological complexes and archetypes (paradigmatic images or instinctive impulses to action). As part of his search for universal keys to the human psyche, Jung also studied and wrote numerous commentaries throughout his career on EasternRead MoreEssay on Theory of Analytical Psychology2821 Words   |  12 PagesRunning head: Theory of Analytical Psychology Research Paper PSYC 341 Carl Jung’s Theory of Analytical Psychology Psychology of Personality By A. M. Barnett January 17, 2006 Abstract Carl Gustav Jung was bone July 26, 1875 (Feist and Feist, 2002). He was blessed to be surrounded by an educated family, including clergymen. Carl Jung as a young man was a colleague of Freud. His life’s work was exploring the unconscious. Freud’s theory of the unconscious made the unconscious soundRead MoreEssay on Nature vs Nurture1052 Words   |  5 PagesNurture issue. Both nature and nurture determine who we are and neither is solely independent of the other. â€Å"As the area of a rectangle is determined by its length and its width, so do biology and experience together create us.†(Myers, 2008, p. 8) Carl Gustav Jung, and leading thinker and creator of analytical psychology, believes: â€Å"Human behavior is influenced both by individual experience and also by an innate â€Å"collective unconscious† that vests all of us with certain proclivities and tendencies.†(Hayes

The Identity Of African Americans - 1758 Words

Race was a primary factor used to shape the identity of African Americans which was seen through their culture. Race is portrayed through the narratives such as The life of Frederick Douglas by Frederick Douglass and the Autobiography of an Ex-colored man by James Weldon Johnson. In both the narratives, they state they are slaves due their race. First, this idea is supported in the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass when he states in the preface, â€Å"he was a slave â€Å"too (Douglass 325). From the beginning Douglass has started with his identity â€Å"Douglass, in his old age, still bravely stood for the ideals of his early manhood, - ultimate assimilation through self-assertion and on no other terms† ( Washington 254). Douglass stood for his race which helped him enhance himself with his culture. â€Å"I never loved any or confided in any people more than my fellow-slaves† ( Douglass 402). He supported his culture from the beginning to the end and this shaped who he was. Again, Douglass reiterates that â€Å" whenever my condition was improved, instead of increasing my contentment, it only increased my desire to be degree, and set me thinking of plans to gain my freedom† ( Douglass 415). In doing so, through the chains of slavery and hardships from the culture of the time he was able to preserve. Finally, this lead him to find himself when he says â€Å" I subscribe myself† and overcomes that he would be a slave for life( Douglass 435). In the autobiography of theShow MoreRelatedAfrican Americans And Identity Of African American1169 Words   |  5 PagesIn the year of 1619, the largest oppressive legal structure in American History came about, the institution of slavery. Although slavery was abolished in the year of 1865, African Americans are still enslaved by intuitional racism. There are systems in place to keep minorities at a disadvantage. This system of oppression is carried by a number of factors such as; the segregation of black people in urban areas referred to as ghettos, mass incarceration rate for people of color, large educational gapsRead MoreAfrican American Identity2425 Words   |  10 Pagessources of African American identity? The Discovery of African American Identity In the 1900s African American have slowly started to gain their rights after the end of slavery. It was a difficult and tedious process; however, they never gave up on what they believed in, which is â€Å"racial equality†. African American stood together in organizations, marches, and unions because they had something that united them which wasn’t just skin color; it was inequality and slavery. African Americans came togetherRead MoreAfrican American Identity2208 Words   |  9 PagesAfrican American Identity It was a hot August day as sweat beat down on Thomas Jefferson Brown. He had been working in the field 2 hours before the hot sun had made its presence known. He looked back over the drying field, hoping that this crop would provide for his family better than last years crop had. Thomas watched his oldest son, Nathan, who worked down one row of the field while staring intently at the cotton plants as he picked the cotton. Nathan was a very inquisitive young man who hadRead MoreAfrican American Identity And Identity Essay742 Words   |  3 Pagesdetermining its identity. For African Americans, their identity was equivalent to property that is the source of profit and further riches. African Americans had not been considered human until slavery was abolished, which was the first step of many in obtaining the same rights as any other race. After the emotional turmoil that is being treated as objects, and persevering when segregation was enforced, African Americans now have the same ri ghts as every single American citizen. Their identity was thatRead MoreThe Evolution of African American Identity1514 Words   |  7 PagesIdentity has been a major concern of African and African American authors from the beginning. In fact African American identity underwent drastic transformations between the eighteenth century and twentieth century. As Amistad, Federalist No. 54, The New Negro and The Souls of Black Folks shows, African American identity has shifted from an early tribal identity, to a dehumanized identity based in slavery, and finally to a ‘new type of Negro identity based in art and African origins. These transformationsRead MoreIdentity of African American Men2442 Words   |  10 PagesThe Identity of African American Men: How has it been displayed in the Media; negatively or positively? â€Å"No metaphor can capture completely the complexity of ethnic dynamics in the U.S. ‘Melting pot’ ignores the persistence and reconfiguration of the ethnicity over the generations. ‘Mosaic,’ much more apt for pluralistic societies such as Kenya or India, is too static a metaphor; it fails to take in to account the easy penetration of many ethnic boundaries. Nor is ‘salad bowl’ appropriate; theRead MoreRacial Identity Of African Americans Essay1813 Words   |  8 Pagescriminals. There is a correlation between the relationship with race and crime. The stereotype that will be discussed is, African Americans as criminals. In American society, a widespread depiction of crime is that it is mostly committed by Black men. Many Americans have the image of a young Black male as violent and criminal. â€Å"In fact, perceptions about the presumed racial identity of criminals may be so ingrained in public consciousness that race does not even need to be specifically mentioned forRead MoreRacial Identity Of African American Adolescents821 Words   |  4 Pagesthat, racial identity is another big contributor to the degradation of African American’s youth mental health, as a weak racial identity results in poorly mishandled ways of coping with racism and stress. African American students as early as middle school engage in introspection of their racial identity, where they begin to discover who they are and the negative stereotypes surrounding their identity (Cheryl Holcomb-McCoy, 2007, p.256). The results of a study of 297 African American adolescents byRead MoreThe Cultural Identity Of The African Ame rican Community1653 Words   |  7 PagesThe African American community has sat at the end of a discriminatory lens from the moment they set foot in the United States. For that reason, black communities have undergone the process of community building to ensure that all members feel a sense of belonging. Race, gender, nationality, ethnicity, poverty, and sexual orientation, all play a role in developing one’s identity and more often than not, these multiple identities intersect with blackness. Being that American society has deemed coloredRead MoreIdentity Crisis Among African Americans1618 Words   |  7 PagesCelestine Professor Sandra Staton-Taiwo Identity Crisis amongst African Americans 17 November 2014 Abstract The question of self-identity has been commonly argued in field of the African American literature; with scholars such as Martin R. Delany and W.E.B Du Bois argue about the emphasis on race and racial consciousness. Together Du Bois and Delaney stress the importance of the color line, or the racial segregation in the United States, as a critical part of American history; nonetheless they both had

Strategic Management of Intro Travel Company †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Management of Intro Travel. Answer: Introduction Intro travel is one of the best travel and Tour Company in Australia offering tour and travel packages to destinations of South East Asia and Australia. The company came into existence on 2005 with the best travel guide. The packages offered by the company are best in Australia. It offers some of the most adventurous tip to new and unique places. The travelling packages offered by them are well organized to offer best service to its customers (Intro Travel, 2017). This paper focuses on the operations of the company and links it with the value chain management. Further, it will view the sustainability existing within the organization. Background Travelling is always the most preferable activities for the people staying all over the world. Many people have also adopted travelling as hobbies. The travel and tour industry is increasing day by day as the travelers are increasing their likings for adventurous tours. The industry is also experiencing a lot of change in its infrastructure because of the changing preference of the customers. Traditional booking system is being replaced by online booking. Such types of changes in the industry and customer needs have increased the rate of competition within the industry. The cost structure of the industry has also experienced a change because of incorporating new types of techniques. Thus, the companies operating the industry have to match up with the expectations of the customers in order to keep stability in their profit margin (Nadia Pujani, 2014). Intro travel offers the most appropriate choice when it comes to traveling to adventurous destinations. Intro travel has been growing its presence in Australia since it has started its business in 2005. Planning to travel abroad or to any place is not at all an easy task. It requires a lot of knowledge about travelling as well as about that place. However, Intro Travel has made the task easy for the travelers as they organize everything for the trip to allow the customers enjoy their travelling mode. This travel and tour company has always been in the good books of their customers in Australia. The reviews of Intro travel have always been good from its customers (Who we are, 2017). The service delivered by the company helps the customers to value every penny that they are paying for the trip. The charges for the trip is quiet reasonable compared to other travel and trip company. However, the company has been experiencing strong competition from its competitors like Globus, Ultimate T ravel, G Adventures and many more. All the competitors are best in their prices and quality of service. Operations Intro travel indulges itself in various kinds of operations. However, planning a fantastic and exclusive tour for the travelers is its main operation. Intro Travel has to maintain top class service in order to stay ahead of competition. Some of the common operations of Intro Travel is to plan the trip, design the package according to the number of days, allow a smooth tour selection process by the customers, hassle free check in and check out and also arranging the best lodging and food facility according to the price, they charge from the customers (Blanke Chiesa, 2013). Services are one of the most important activities offered by the company as it helps increasing their profit margin. The trips that Intro Travel offers to the customers are Ozintro, ThaIntro, Balintro, Bali and more. They also offer excellent group leaders and guides for making the trip even more exciting for the travelers. Moreover, the company takes care of everything to allow the travelers relax as much as possi ble. The company also owns some of the resorts and guesthouses in the places that they travel to save their recurring cost of lodging (Eugenio-Martin Inchausti-Sintes, 2016). They own their own private villa for guests that want to spend some private moment with their families in Bali, which is known as Gayatri Villas. However, the price charged by the company differs according to the resort. The company is passionate about offering superb travelling experiences to the people and money is not that important to them. Thus, the price charged by the company is quiet less compared to the service offered. Intro travel is available for its customers to offer 24 hours service regarding any query they have about the package, the payment mode and others (Xiang, Magnini Fesenmaier, 2015). The average length of per trip offered by the company is of seven days. Integration between Value Chain Management and operation Value chain management is organizing the activities of the company internal or external and creating a value by offering final goods to the consumers. The main objective behind carrying out value chain management in a company is to integrate cooperation between companys various operations and creating the final product that is the traveling and booking service (Mitchell, Font Li, 2015). Inbound logistic Inbound logistic is the supplies and products that enters into the company and used for producing final products. Intro Travel also has some suppliers and distributors through which the company develop its final product that is best travel service. The suppliers of Intro Travel are hotels, airlines, call centers and booking agency partners. Each of these suppliers play different role which together to form the final product (Jung, 2014). Outbound logistic Outbound logistic is yet another type of method of forming value to the company. The supplies taken by the company is put together to form the final product. Intro Travel also forms cooperation between the travel agents, hotels and airline partners to offer the best product to their customer and that is the travelling service. Marketing sales Marketing is the promotional activities taken up by the company to make their service known to the customers. Promotional activities is necessary for any company to gain market share, appropriate customer base and fight tough competition in the industry. Intro travel also faces tough competition in Australia from prestigious competitors offering similar service. Thu sit carries out marketing by forming tourism fairs, through their online website and also offering various complementariness along with the travel package (Holweg Helo, 2014). End user The last stage of value chain management is the end users, which are the main aim of the company. The end user of Intro Travel is the customers that adopt the package for traveling to various destinations offered by the company. All the companies operations is mainly done to satisfy the need of the customers and give them the best travelling experience. Intro Travel aims at meeting new people every year and makes them lifelong clients (Christopher, 2016). Sustainability within Intro Travel Sustainability is one of the most demanding topics nowadays due to the increasing globalization around the world. Every company in whatever business they operate need to maintain some amount of sustainability in its operations. Travel and Tourism Company needs to maintain balance with the environment in every activity that it does. They need to maintain the biodiversity of a place in order to offer the best value to the customers money. They also have to keep some respect for the culture and tradition of the host countries and places they are travelling. This is because the cultures of those countries are the customer-driving tool for a tourism company (Hong, 2015). The company also holds some responsibility towards its stakeholders such as the partner hotels and airlines by offering them income opportunities and helping the host countries in creating employment opportunity. The company can increase the income of the hotels and the airlines by offering them maximum customers over the years and maintain that limit as much as possible. This will also help Intro Travel to build a strong bond with its partners and they will then offer some discounts for the customers. However, to move with sustainability the company needs to involve their stakeholders help as well as the help of its own employees. This process is continuous and requires continuous efforts at various activities. A break in any kind of activity will result in losing the balance between work and sustainability (Noor Wibisono, 2016). Thus, to maintain the sustainability with the external environment the company can adopt certain steps such as: They should be clear with the aim and objectives Try to offer some of the most sustainable mode of transport to the customers and accommodation facility. Educate the customers to maintain certain good habits while visiting the host countries. Make the customers aware about their responsibilities in the host country such as ecological, social and economic. Conclusion From the above analysis about the operations and overall scenario of the Intro Travel tourism company, it can be deduced that the company has maintain best business operations. They are very passionate about what they do and the type of service they offer to the customers. Moreover, the company forms cooperation between all the activities it does and the suppliers it connects to offer the best travelling experience to the customers. Lastly, it does a lot to fight tough competition coming from other travel and tourism company of Australia. References Nadia, P. F., Pujani, V. (2014). Tour and Travel Website Beliefs in Influencing Users Satisfaction--Case Study: Malaysia.International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance,5(5), 454. Hong, E. (2015). See the Third World while it lasts: The social and environmental impact of tourism with special reference to Malaysia. Noor, A., Wibisono, N. (2016). Sustainable Holiday Learning: Ethical Standard for Travel Agent. Mitchell, J., Font, X., Li, S. (2015). What is the impact of hotels on local economic development? Applying value chain analysis to individual businesses.Anatolia,26(3), 347-358. Jung, S. C. (2014). The analysis of strategic management of samsung electronics company through the generic value chain model.International Journal of Software Engineering and Its Applications,8(12), 133-142. Holweg, M., Helo, P. (2014). Defining value chain architectures: Linking strategic value creation to operational supply chain design.International Journal of Production Economics,147, 230-238. Christopher, M. (2016).Logistics supply chain management. Pearson UK. Blanke, J., Chiesa, T. (2013). The travel tourism competitiveness report 2013. InThe World Economic Forum. Xiang, Z., Magnini, V. P., Fesenmaier, D. R. (2015). Information technology and consumer behavior in travel and tourism: Insights from travel planning using the internet.Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services,22, 244-249. Eugenio-Martin, J. L., Inchausti-Sintes, F. (2016). Low-cost travel and tourism expenditures.Annals of Tourism Research,57, 140-159. Intro Travel. (2017).Intro Travel. Retrieved 19 August 2017, from https://www.introtravel.com/ Who we are. (2017).ThaIntro. Retrieved 19 August 2017, from https://www.thaintro.com/who-we-are

China as an Emerging Market-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Using an example of an MNC present an analysis of the Opportunities and threats that Globalisation creates for decision-makers.What are the main lessons international business managers can learn about the interplay between home and host country differences in achieving success? Answer: Lenovo happens to be one of the multinational companies that deal with computer hardware and electronics in China. Recently, it transferred its headquarters to Morrisville, in the US. Moreover, its recognized and registered office is stationed in Hong Kong China. It deals with products such as servers, tablets, and personal computers. More than 60 countries have become an operational base for Lenovo and in more than 170 countries has seen its market for its products (Buckley, 2009). In 1984, the company began its operations in Beijing; however, the company was incorporated in Hong Kong later in 1988.Lenovo was identified as Legend in China a name that saw the company dominate the market for personal computers. Later on, Lenovo was listed as one of the companies on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange (Durand, 2012). The man behind Lenovo establishment and success was Liu Chuanzi who started importation of computers. The computers were later to be distributed countrywide. Liu with ten other e ngineers started the process of forming Lenovo and that marked the start of Lenovo. China as an emerging market Chinas economy over the past decade has grown immensely. China is an emerging market due to its big size. Despite having a communist form of governance, the government controls the lives of people while promoting a private form of ownership and entrepreneurial premises. Chinas market is characterized by a wide manufacturing base and distributes a wide range of products around the world. Difficulties facing Lenovo in international market as a multinational company Integration of Motorola will be a hard nut to crack. Lenovos plan of acquiring Motorola poses great challenges as Lenovo is acquiring a company that lost its taste and luster. Furthermore, Motorola may not have the engineering capacity it used to have in the last years it had become part Google. Also, the brand name may not fetch a market in countries such as the US as it has a limited share of the market. Lenovos ambitions of dominating smartphone business may be a dream far from reality following the fact that Lenovo has a limited supply chain. A big proportion of the supply chain has been taken by companies such as Apple and Samsung. Lenovo may also be incapacitated regarding finance. Engaging Motorola will see the company drain its resources in developing the acquired company. As a result, Lenovo may end up spending money in other sectors that were unplanned. Difficulties faced by Lenovo as MNC Many acquisitions more so from developing nations failed in many cases, and the case for Lenovo was exceptionally appealing and inspired other firms considering an acquisition in developed nations. Lenovo as one of its strategy it retained the staff of IBM employees from the PC sector. Such a move ensured that the skills acquired from ex-employees of Lenovo were incorporated into Lenovo human resource management (Weber and Yedidia Tarba 2012). Lenovo understood one thing for sure that they lacked the technicalities to manage a global business. For the other firms that tried acquisition, they failed due to lack of a pool of management to operate on a global platform. The staff from Lenovo had the experience of operating overseas markets, and that is what Lenovo lacked and needed such people to be successful in its acquisition. The tacit knowledge and expertise were critical if Lenovo was to achieve its desired goals and objectives of dominating the world market for PCs. How Lenovo became a MNC and the entry strategy used in global markets Lenovo looks forward to becoming a technology behemoth once it closes its position in purchasing one of the servers of IBM x86 and also the deal is said to incorporate the acquisition of Motorola Mobility once owned by Google (Dignan, 2014). Lenovo spent more than $ 5.21 billion in acquiring a technology stack that is a sign of relief for the firm as it generates a halo effect for Lenovo. One of the motives for purchasing Motorola by Google was to control the smartphones by consumers. However, it is fundamental to note that such device can make a lifetime enterprise (Dignan, 2014). Samsung happens to be a competitor in the production of personal computers, and Android phones can form strategic alliances with Lenovo a move that can benefit both firms as on one side Lenovo has a more corporate presence through its ThinkPad franchise while Samsung, on the other hand, has more business to business push. Lenovo has a strategic plan just like it acquired IBM personal computers venture; it wants to extend the same for smartphones. With the IBM server sends off to Lenovo looking seamless, would be the same for other sectors it seeks to acquire (Dignan, 2014). However, the business of smartphones seems trickier and more challenging than Lenovo could ever imagine because Motorola brand was struggling to regain its enterprise footing a ground that it has never regained. The big task for Lenovo is whether it will manage two different acquisitions at the same time. It is obvious that trying to integrate acquisitions is a sophisticated affair, especially where management of two separate acquisitions is involved. Currently, Lenovo, as organized around four groups to generate revenues for the firm and this, include the PC enterprise that involves Lenovo and IBM brands, A mobile business of smartphones and Television sets, storage facilities and servers and lastly management of cloud services integrated with the ecosystem (Dignan, 2014). The strategies and organization by Lenovo seem sound, but there are major challenges. One main hurdle is that the hardware stack and also Lenovos strategic plan resembles that of Dell and HP and it will be a problem trying to win consumers in the sector. Swot analysis by Lenovo Strengths Lenovo already commands a large share of the market, and it can use its share in the market for personal computers and also the scale in the supply chain that accompanies it. IBM has substantial reasons for selling the server venture to Lenovo as it was evident that the margins were slim and as such needed a lot of scales to make good money (Buckley, 2009). The selling of IBM X86 server by IBM to Lenovo was a strategy to increase and improve the leverage of the strength by the two firms. Also, there was a motive that made Google sell its Motorola Mobility to Lenovo. According to Larry Page, a CEO of Google, he considered the market for smartphones as one that is extremely competitive, and for firms to thrive, they required utmost care and strength to continue making mobile devices or else face extinction out of the market. Cross sell enterprises A business venture purchasing personal computers from Lenovo would also want to buy servers from Lenovo (Durand, 2012). It also stems from such relationships that most of the IBMs contracts that require support will be allocated to IBM and Lenovo wont miss any chances. The case of Motorola is a more complex integration, though Lenovo can manage selling many screens to businesses. Hardware results in higher margins for businesses For most IT businesses, it is common for firms to garner strong base in the field of installed hardware that includes servers and personal computers and then upgrades to software that works with the hardware. Lenovo can benefit if it can develop hardware and sell its stack and after that, it can develop software for its hardware thus managing two processes at the same time (Blank, 2017). It would make it possible for Lenovo to penetrate the service industry as well. Lenovo has one big advantage in that it can use China as the center stage for most of the world market and such a position could be used to enter other markets. Advantages associated with geographical mobility are huge for Lenovo. China is being eyed by most vendors in IT industry and is trying to compete with the local companies (Mourdoukoutas 2017). However, Lenovo still has an advantage over other multinational companies in China. For instance, Huawei keeps on raising eyebrows in China, but for a firm such as Lenovo, there is no need to raise eye brows as it also has a large base and market in the United States of America. Indias market for smartphone Among the Pacific markets, India stands to be one of the markets that have seen little penetration as compared to other markets. Lenovo could benefit and reap advantages associated with a new market that has not been saturated. The case with Lenovos penetration in India could be viable following a successful launch of low priced phones such as the LePhone. One of the benefits of a growing market is that it can offer more opportunities and demand for a product. The market for tablets is growing According to the world rankings, Lenovo prides itself as the fourth in the sale of tablets. With such a position, it could further its prospects by producing quality products. In most cases, better products are as a result of continued efforts and innovations. The continued investments in research and development programs facilitate production of first class products a move that could push Lenovos position up in the world rankings (Jurevicius, 2013). It is also expected that the market for a tablet is expected and projected to grow by double digits in the unforeseen future and Lenovo as one of the companies has many and huge opportunities. Lenovo could develop and generate new models for the tablets and as such benefit from the expected growth of the market. Patents through acquisitions One way for Lenovo to sustain growth is through obtaining patent rights, and the best way to obtain such patent rights is for Lenovo to acquire firms having those patent rights just as it acquired IBM personal computer division. Threats Decline of profit margins Of late, hardware products are faced with the risk of declining profit margins as per new trends and reports from business researchers and analysts (Jurevicius, 2013). Lenovo generates primary income from the sale of hardware products, and due to the price increase in raw materials, the cost of production will increase making such products expensive. The increase in the costs of production for Lenovo cuts the profit margin. Laptop market is experiencing a slow growth rate The rate of growth for computers is slowing down and raising red flags for the manufacturers of such commodities as they scramble for the market and deal with the stocking problem. It is estimated that shortly, the markets for computers will become saturated something to worry about for key stakeholders such as Lenovo, Dell, and HP. It is evident that Lenovo will face difficulties while competing in such highly competitive markets yet volatile. As for Lenovo, its objective of growing and increasing the market share may be a dream never to be achieved in such markets. Developed countries have a saturated market for smartphones Lenovo is one of the few companies that does not extend its market for smartphones in developed economies and as such minimizes competition with other companies such as Apple and Samsung. However, in future, Lenovo may experience huge problems than it anticipated for its smartphone division in developed economies (Jurevicius, 2013). Such economies at that time will be facing saturation for the smartphones market. Business reports indicate most economies fear saturation and that will create fewer opportunities for the competing giants in the smartphone market. Technological changes A grave, serious threat stands on Lenovos path for success. Many companies involved in the technology industry have to keep up their speed with technological changes that occur on a daily basis. Companies are always under pressure to release new products to suit the changing needs and preferences of different customers on a constant and continued basis. It is evident that in todays world, new products are innovated on a daily basis if not on a monthly basis as there is stiff competition for firms in upgrading their products. One will be amazed by the costs that firms accrue in developing new hardware products after launching others that have not even finished a month in the market. Companies that are unable to subdue to such pressure are forced out of the market as they are unable to compete favorably. Stiff and intense competition Lenovo faces stiff competition in all sectors of its business operations. The intense competition is as result of fierce competitors in terms of prices, technology and also brand. Competitors such as Apple, Dell and HP among others continue with massive campaigns and advertising strategies to outcompete others and maintain a large share of the market. It is as a result of such fierce competition that forces firms spend a lot of money in research and development sectors (Tsuji, 2015). Research and development is a trend among firms as it facilitates innovation and development of new products. Lenovo has been forced to create and produce quality products that meet world standards. Lenovos pricing strategy also comes handy as competitors watch each others move so as to determine the prices they will set. Lessons learnt Lenovo, a Chinese company, specialized in the manufacturing of personal computers and had for many decades been obscured and made it difficult for Lenovo to generate revenues. Currently, Lenovo prides itself as one of the large distributors and manufacturers of the personal computer having sales revenue of $ 40 billion almost beating key competitors such as Dell and HP. The acquisition strategy that was employed by Lenovo was critical for the success of the Lenovo (Lee, 2010). IBM sold its computer segment to Lenovo for $1.8 billion that led to the acquisition of IBM by Lenovo. One of the primary objectives for IBM selling its PC department was due to the intense competition and also due to market for computers declining. The acquisition came handy for both firms as there was a stream of mutual benefits. On the other hand, IBM will engage in IT consultation services that are deemed profitable. Lenovo, on the other hand, took control of personal computers previously owned by IBM. After acquisition of IBM by Lenovo, Lenovo enjoyed economies of scale as a result of increasing its scale of operations that has the benefit of cutting down the costs of operation. IBM also brought other substantial benefits such as upgrade of technological platforms for Lenovo were improved. Lenovo also understood perfectly that despite having a new market in the US following a successful acquisition; it had to make its market share in China as other competitors started showing interest in China. For it continue being dominants in Chinese market, it developed and designed chip card that converted English language into Chinese as most people in China had problems understanding English (House 2014). Such an innovation ensures that Lenovo competes favorably both in the domestic market and in the foreign market. Lenovo was also keen in adopting a geocentric approach that involves tapping the best skills and expertise among people irrespective of their nationality to perform some duties assigned to them. Lenovo was forced to shift its operations and headquarters from Hong Kong all the way to New York. Why New York? New York was strategic in ensuring that former employees from IBM did not have to travel and relocate to China as it would inconvenience them and also it would be an extra expense for Lenovo transferring equipment and personnel. Almost all senior staff managing Lenovo came from IBM. Lenovo relied massively on the expertise from IBM to manage its operations as it lacked the needed expertise, knowledge skills and acumen needed in managing a multinational company. As a result, it ensured that the very people who were behind the success of IBM were now in favor of Lenovos success in global operations. The once IBM culture was now transferred and integrated in Lenovo. As previous reports stated and indicated that most manufacturing firms from China moved to establish firms overseas and were supported by the Chinese government. Such firms expanded and operated beyond domestic boundaries (Weber and Yedidia Tarba 2012) .However most of these firms failed in global markets due to lack of tacit knowledge and also lack of the much needed exposure required in managing global firms. One if failure for Chinese firms stemmed from the fact Chinese companies lacked absorptive capacity in many situations that they failed. TCL is a perfect illustration of a multinational company that failed. TCL acquired Thompson electric and merged in 2004, however, sooner than expected, the acquisition failed as TCL facing limitations in terms of absorptive capacity and crippled human resource in less than one year of acquisition. Lenovo was also successful in ensuring that it incorporated the salaries of IBM employees with no adjustments from previous employer. It was a huge risk for Lenovo as it was expensive hiring such employees bearing in mind that Lenovo was from a developing state and IBM was from a developed state (Vidal-Surez and Lpez-Duarte 2013).. However, in order to ensure a smooth transition, a three year contract had to be signed to ensure that in future adjustments would be made. Lenovo in such a case ensured that it did not lose staff from IBM as they were the underlying factor for Lenovos success. Conclusion As observed from the above illustrations, it is clear that Lenovo stood amidst major challenges as a successful acquisition with IBM. However, such a transition was not easy bearing in mind that Lenovo was from a developing country China, a communist nation. On the other hand, IBM originated from a developed country, United States of America, a capitalist nation. However, despite different ideologies, the company was determined in ensuring that it succeeded and commanded a large share of the market. As of today we are speaking and telling a different tale as the company is among leading players in the market of personal computers (Stroup, 2016). Lenovo has also expanded its market by also investing in smartphones business. However, despite Lenovos success, there are many challenges that lie ahead for instance, the declining market in hardware business is a threat for Lenovo as it has invested and specializes in that area. Also, fierce competition that looms in the industry is another factor, though competition is good in ensuring quality products References BOSE, G., DASGUPTA, S. and GHOSH, A. (2011). Cross-border acquisitions and optimal government policy. pp.427-437. Buckley, P. (2009). Business history and international business. Business History, 51(3), pp.307-333. Correa, R. (2010). Cross-Border Bank Acquisitions: Is There a Performance Effect? SSRN Electronic Journal. Dignan, L. (2014). Lenovo as new 800-pound gorilla: Opportunities, challenges abound | ZDNet. [online] ZDNet. Available at: https://www.zdnet.com/article/lenovo-as-new-800-pound-gorilla-opportunities-challenges-abound/ [Accessed 23 Aug. 2017]. Durand, M. (2012). The Global MA Tango: How to Reconcile Cultural Differences in Mergers, Acquisitions, and Strategic Partnerships. Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal, 19(2), pp.271-273. Hofstede, G. (2017). China - Geert Hofstede. [online] Geert-hofstede.com. Available at: https://geert-hofstede.com/china.html [Accessed 25 Jul. 2017]. House, S. (2014). LENOVO. [online] prezi.com. Available at: https://prezi.com/upkopefp0dmt/lenovo/ [Accessed 28 Jul. 2017]. Jurevicius, O. (2013). Lenovo SWOT analysis 2013. [online] Strategic Management Insight. Available at: https://www.strategicmanagementinsight.com/swot-analyses/lenovo-swot-analysis.html [Accessed 23 Aug. 2017]. Lee, K. (n.d.). Cross-Border Mergers and Acquisitions amid Political Uncertainty. SSRN Electronic Journal. Mourdoukoutas, P. (2017). Forbes Welcome. [online] Forbes.com. Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/panosmourdoukoutas/2015/03/11/the-global-rise-of-lenovo/ [Accessed 25 Jul. 2017]. Owen, S. and Yawson, A. (2010). Human development and cross-border acquisitions. Journal of Empirical Finance, 17(4), pp.689-701. Stroup, C. (2016). INTERNATIONAL DEAL EXPERIENCE AND CROSS-BORDER ACQUISITIONS. Economic Inquiry, 55(1), pp.73-97. Tsuji, C. (2015). An Overview of the Cross-Border Mergers and Acquisitions. Archives of Business Research, 3(2). Vidal-Surez, M. and Lpez-Duarte, C. (2013). Language distance and international acquisitions. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 13(1), pp.47-63. Weber, Y. and Yedidia Tarba, S. (2012). Mergers and acquisitions process: the use of corporate culture analysis. Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal, 19(3), pp.288-303.

Reading The Prince and the Pauper Chapters 21-25 Flashcard

Reading The Prince and the Pauper Chapters 21-25

Supply Chain Management and Modern Technologies

Supply Chain Management and Modern Technologies Introduction The requirements of the marketplace when conducting supply chain management is largely dependent on whether an organisation is in need of pursuing either the lean or agile paradigms. The two supply chain parameters are distinctively different. For instance, in terms of the market winner, the agile paradigm is tagged on availability while the lean one is pegged on cost.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Supply Chain Management and Modern Technologies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In other words, nimbleness in a market that is overly sensitive works well in an agile supply chain contrary to the lean supply chain where waste definition is the clear cut line.  Another important parameter in supply chain management is the proper location of decoupling points. This is imperative bearing in mind that there is need to engineer a hybrid supply chain where both materials and information can flow smoothly form the point of production to consumption. When the latter is effectively implemented, it will enhance positive outcome associated with both types of supply chain. For example, efficiency will be visible in a lean system while the agile supply chain will encourage an effective supply downstream. There are quite a number of supply chain management technologies that have been adopted in the contemporary business spheres. One such technology is the use of RFID to track down materials or products from the point of production or sale to the end user. The only loophole in the application of RFID in supply chain management seems to be emanating from outside such as lack of specified standards, security and privacy considerations, false promises as well as marketing problems. This business report offers a succinct critique of Naylor et al article on the application of lean and agile (leagile) supply chain management. Additionally, the paper discusses how RFID and other modern supply chain tech nologies such as e-commerce, CPER and VMI can be used to mitigate against the bull-whip effect in supply chain performance. Critique / Literature Review Perhaps, it is pertinent to begin this literature review and critique by defining each of the supply chain paradigms. Although Naylor et al (1999) attempts to define agility simply as supply chain management processes that enhance effectiveness and performance in organizations, it is vital to emphasize that business enterprises that pursue this kind of supply have much more to encounter and implement.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Flexible Manufacturing Systems (FMS) is indeed the origin of this concept. Sometimes back, manufacturing flexibility was thought to be only possible through automation. This idea did not last for long since it was later extended to incorporate other important factors in business th at would influence rapid changes through product mix or volume. Hence, the concept of agility in supply chain management has taken a sharp turn especially in regard to its composition and functionality. Hence, Naylor et al (1999) ought to have incorporated all the supply chain elements that affect the agile paradigm. While the authors have thinly differentiated agility and leanness in supply chain management, the two paradigms have a visible difference both in terms of application and effect in supply chain management. When referring to leanness, a supply chain management focuses more to do with producing more using fewer resources. In fact, Naylor et al (1999) reiterate that the â€Å"just-in-time† approach or zero inventories is usually associated with leanness especially in manufacturing. Although the latter terms are precise to use, a more relevant philosophy to use is Minimum Reasonable Inventory (MRI) since it is rather practical bearing in mind that â€Å"leannessâ₠¬  refers to the most minimal use of available resources to produce more. On the other hand, it is quite impossible to separate the two paradigms, not to mention the fact that the agile supply chain is very common in business enterprises that have adopted lean manufacturing. This is paradoxical having highlighted the outstanding difference between the two supply chain tools. The point at which lean manufacturing starts can be practically traced by the Toyota Production System (TPS). (Heinrich, 2005). This company largely targeted at eliminating and reducing waste in its manufacturing portfolio as one way of boosting production and hence manufacturing in its manufacturing portfolio.  It is highly likely that the article by Naylor et al (1999) has laid much emphasis on the positive returns of lean thinking to factory production. In any case, it is worth to note that manufacturing practices among several business organizations across the globe have been improved due to the lessons g ained from TPS guidelines. Thus, restricting the benefits to factories per se may be myopic, so to speak. In connection to this, it is possible to encounter a situation whereby less working hours is spent against higher output in the production and supply of vehicles in a factory whereas the stock of finished vehicles may take up until three months to clear in terms of sale. Again, this is another paradox in the supply chain management when deliberating on both lean and agile paradigms at the same time. Therefore, leanness, as much as it is unique from agility, can still be integrated in a scenario whereby an organization wants to attain both efficiency and effectiveness simultaneously.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Supply Chain Management and Modern Technologies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The strategy used in supply chin and of course manufacturing should be that which fall between market winners and marke t qualifiers (Heinrich, 2005). The two concepts are well covered by Naylor et al (1999). In other descriptions, the two parameters have also been highlighted as order qualifiers and order winners. In retrospect, any organization entering a manufacturing field should deliberate on the requisite baselines to compete favourable in an open market economy as it is the case with the current effect brought about by globalization. These prior considerations are referred to as order qualifiers. On the other hand, gaining market strength and equitable share of the market demands certain unique flexibilities also referred to as order winners. Supposedly, the most appropriate manufacturing strategy can only be met when both the order winners and order qualifiers is brought into light. Unfortunately, Naylor et al (1999) does not explicitly underscore the two concepts that would prepare a ground for vibrant supply chain management. In real sense, companies do not compete; rather, it is the supply chains. Thus, it is quite tricky to elude the connection between agile and lean as well as winners and qualifiers. In a more simplistic term, the lean supply chain will carry the day if the element of cost is factored in the process. However, service value coupled with customer satisfaction is of critical importance when discussing agile paradigm. At this point, there is a lot of concurrence with the article by Naylor et al (1999).  In appendix I, the two paradigms have been illustrated in terms of their terse differences. Such a â€Å"compare and approach† approach is necessary in creating a clear cut difference as well as similarity between the supply chain paradigms (see appendix II). Product quality level is an equal requirement in both lean and agile supply chain contrary to what Naylor et al (1999) propose. Whilst leanness is overly concerned with reducing or alleviating the level of waste in course of supply, the quality of either goods or services produced cannot b e compromised. This also applies to lead-times especially between the times when a client places an order and when the delivery is finally effected. Agility too, demands that the total lead time be lowered to what may be referred to as the â€Å"irreducible minimum†. The only challenge when this requirement has to be applied in an agile supply chain is the difficulty in forecasting and the high level of volatile associated with predicting the total lead-time. Naylor et al (1999) also confirm that marketplace demand will be cumbersome to exploit if the end-to-end lead-time is extremely long and possibly wasteful in the supply process. The vertical distribution channel has been the supply chain art of Dell for long. It solely distributes its products. Through the use of internet or telephone, customers are able to start off the process of buying. Three modes of selling are applicable at Dell namely keyboard-to-server, ear-to-ear and face-to-face (Dell Fedman, 1999).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The lead-time is usually specified by the company representative although in practice, it takes a much shorter time to deliver the product than earlier specified in the inquiry. Computers at Dell are built according to customer’s specifications.  In order to satisfy the orders placed by customers, the company makes use of an agile supply chain paradigm. Additionally, the inventory is not finished while the entire business platform takes the form of a direct model. The component inventory is also kept to the lowest level possible as one way of beating the competition in terms of prices. Indeed, this is a clear cut example on how both the lean and agile supply chains can be incorporated in an organization in order to simultaneously boost efficiency and effectiveness. The lean approach at Dell is also evident when the company applies vertical integration in its supply chain management (Heinrich, 2005). Subsequently, the company has facilitated cost reduction as a way of reduci ng wastes. For instance, an agile supplier has been mandated to build relatively standard monitors. As such, the company may require as much as 9,547 pieces of monitors today from its agile supplier while in few days time, demand as low as 760. RFID for Supply Chain Performance Improvements Evolution, both socially and economically, is a daily experience that is encountered both at the individual and societal level. One of the visible fronts in evolution is the advances made in technology and especially in supply chain management. Technological sophistication has continually improved consumer experience not to mention the mammoth benefits to suppliers and manufacturers. In particular, the use of the Radio Frequency Identification Devices (RFID) has created real world awareness in the managing supply chain. This technology is used to track down the design or unique product characteristics right from the point of production throughout the supply chain. Additionally, RFID is capable of either actively or passively transmitting the product information regardless of space and time. Indeed, the technology has been used to minimize theft of goods alongside avoiding improper shipment sizes. By using RFID technology, it is possible to ensure that the products will arrive at their point of destination with minimum hitch in addition to giving a better forecast especially of the delivery time to consumers. An organization can also use this device for impose restrictions to entering certain points within a building. It can also be useful in assessing the exit and entry times for employees.  Modern business indeed requires the implementation of RFID technology and especially in regard to improving product awareness throughout the supply chain management. When variability in the demand order are overly increased or amplified as they progress through the chain of supply, it results into the bullwhip effect (Heinrich, 2005). In actual practice, the bullwhip effect is common when vital information is distorted as the supply chain is distorted. Worse still, such distortion is also a major cause of supply chain inefficiencies and failure experienced in some establishments. When companies thoroughly evaluate, assess and comprehend the latent causes of bullwhip effect, they can effectively counteract this scenario. To this end, can RFID technologies assist in reducing the bullwhip effect in any way? Currently, industry leaders are in the forefront of implementing strategies that are innovative in nature such as the use of RFID tracking tool to facilitate smooth and unrestricted flow of information. This has been covered under the integration of new information systems (Heinrich, 2005). Moreover, new measurement and incentive systems in addition to giving a better definition to organizational relationship have been applied to counter the bullwhip effect.  In respect to new information systems, RFID has played an integral role in supply chain management. Th e RFID passive tags contain vital information of the product. As part and parcel of reducing the bullwhip effect in its supply chain, Dell Inc. has embraced the use of RFID technology. Today, the company stands out as one of the well established computer and electronics manufacturer worldwide (Dell Fedman, 1999). The six manufacturing plants of the company employ over 50,000 employees spread across different locations in the world. As already mentioned, the company makes use of the idea on supply and demand depending on the orders placed by customers to drive sales. As the chairman and founder of Dell, Michael Dell confessed, the ability to obtain real-time data courtesy of RFID technology has indeed improved the working efficiency of the company in addition to boosting revenue growth of the company (Heinrich, 2005). Currently, the company is fast on plans to decommission the old techniques that have been used in its supply chain for long and embrace better RFID technologies that h ave proved to be both effective and efficient in manufacturing and service delivery portfolios. In practice, the RFID technology being used at Dell has enabled customers to keep a close vigil of their purchases and how everything is progress from the assembly time, shipment and eventually to delivery. In all of these processes, human beings are minimally involved thereby reducing the possible additional workforce that the company would require as part of customer support.  Realistically speaking, such an arrangement would significantly reduce or even completely eliminate the bullwhip effect. Furthermore, congestion in warehouses has been a thing of the past bearing in mind that Dell has fully engaged itself in the manufacture of most computer hardware and software being sold. The real world awareness created by RFID technology has greatly improved the supply chain management logistics leading to extreme success of the company.  The United States Department of Defence is also kee n in the implementation of RFID technologies especially in the handing and tracking down of its ammunitions, weapons and military rations. The department has realized that less time is spent when RFID is used as compared to the ordinary means of inventory processing. The maintenance of material, asset visibility, items management as well as improvement in data quality has been necessitated with the use of the RFID technology. Using RFID to Complement Existing Technologies Concepts There are quite a number of supply chain technologies. However, the use of RFID can indeed boost the viability of other technologies and concepts being used in supply chain management. For instance, supply chain management is currently employing E-commerce, Decentralized Software Service Protocol (DSSP), Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), internet, Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI) and Customer Premise Equipment (CPE). The lean and agile paradigms in supply chain are also important parameters when integratin g RFID technology since the latter is one of the success factors in supply chain IT. For example, the process of gathering information from the manufacturing to the delivery point requires a more real time data analysis and transmission (Attaran, 2007). This is in effect similar to the case scenario on how E-commerce is carried out at Dell inc. the use of RFID at this point is vital since all the parties engage in the transaction will be visible enough in the entire supply chain process. Additionally, RFID will improve E-commerce undertakings in the sense that it will be possible to expedite the assessment of orders by retailers as well as monitor possible delays.  Secondly, E-commerce that has integrated the use of RFID technologies will be able to put in place a standardization process that will be able to identify products across various industries and companies. A single contact point can be used to access data in the system since there is need for uniformity of the much neede d information by consumers. When old forms of technologies such as telephones are used, there can be slight differences in the information passed verbally and the actual specifications of the product being purchased. A robust RFID structure in internet use will also facilitate quick analysis of system data as well as improve planning that is needed in strategic decision making. Of utmost importance here is the Supplier Relationship Management (SRM) and Customer Relationship Management (CRM) whereby business processes can be integrated real time (Attaran, 2007).  In terms of lean and agile supply chain tools, a collaborative approach between companies and supplies has been found to highly beneficial and that companies that exercise this approach usually outperform their competitors. In order to boost profitability and innovation as well as maintain a high quality supply chain in the procurement and sourcing processes, the adoption and full implementation of RFID technologies alongs ide other supply chain management tools such as Customer Premise Equipment (CPE) and Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI) cannot be ignored or underestimated. A Supplier Relationship Management System (SRM) when well utilized alongside RFID will enable the smooth process of tracking down spending analysis by suppliers on a global basis. This can be implemented across different product categories. Moreover, SRM will permit comparison of supplier metrics and benchmarks. In other words, it will be possible for the manufacturer to outsource the most viable supplier through real time record. In the case of lean supply chain, the lead-time compression will be monitored with ease so long as the RFID technological platform has been fully integrated in the business cycle. Contract Management (CM) when used together with RFID technology will enhance the sharing of vital information among suppliers alongside enabling the establishment of web-based procurement process that are fast and convenient to the users. Contact Management will also permit the continual monitoring of supply chain and most importantly ensuring that the performance of suppliers is up to date and according to the earlier proposed agreements. Spend Management software such as Ariba, Statistical Analysis System (SAS) and Standard Assessment Procedure (SAP) to catch up with the implementation of RFID by most vendors in the supply chain. A case example is that of Xerox. The company ha s already installed and using the internet procurement system. The new system is intended to cut down on unnecessary costs associated with non-productive purchasing. Sincerely speaking, this is one way through which Xerox Corporation will be practicing lean manufacturing and hence lean supply chain paradigm (Heinrich, 2005). The net effect will be transformation of the supply chain system of the company from the one that is geared towards waste elimination to one that is consistent with an agile approach whereby efficiency will be improved significantly. In the long run, Xerox Corporation anticipates lowering down its expenditure on goods and services that have been deemed as less productive in the manufacturing and supply chain paradigm (Heinrich, 2005). The integration of SCM and Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems alongside with RFID technology is also a vita practice in supply chain management since the latter may not be very fruitful its functionality is supported by other integral systems. Both the SCM and ERP play pertinent roles in shaping a vibrant supply chain. The main reason why the two tools were developed was to standardize and optimize internal SC processes (Attaran, 2007). This standardization mainly targeted the following supply chain domains namely distribution, production, procurement and finance. While the initial generation systems were largely sole-based and lacked a collaborative approach, the modern systems being used in supply chain management are open and component based as we ll as web enabled. As critical example is the application of modern ERP systems together with RFID technologies. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) has the potential of ensuring that data is centrally managed while at the same time facilitating the mobility of information from one point to another. This feature has enhanced consistency and visibility of data since it readily provides all information regarding customers, production needs, inventory, purchases as well as sales (Attaran, 2007). Conclusions In summing up, it is imperative to note that the lean paradigm demands the elimination of the unnecessary inputs that may not be directly proportional to the process of production. On the other hand, there is need to maintain a nimble approach to the agile paradigm. This is vital in supply chain management of this nature bearing in mind that the loss in sales can never be recovered. One outstanding difference between the two paradigms is that while level scheduling is more valued in lean supply, the reservation of capacity to be able to deal with unpredictable demand is a functionality of the agile paradigm. On the same note, it is worth to note that most supply chains are cyclic in nature and therefore prompting the concepts of market qualifiers and market winners. The two paradigms, though completely differentiated from each other, cannot be discussed in total isolation since companies which pursue lean approach in their supply chains still struggle to move towards an agile system while those undertaking the latter still require to minimize wastes in order to boost profitability and growth in revenue. Finally, the pursuit towards improving the management of supply chains has witnessed the adoption and implementation of RFID technology in tracking down supplies from the point of production to delivery to customers. Other supportive tools such as the internet, e-commerce, Decision Support Systems (DSS), Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), Electronic Data Interc hange (EDI) and Customer Premise Equipment (CPE) have been integrated in the contemporary supply chain management. References Attaran, M. 2007. RFID: an enabler of supply chain operations. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 12(4): 249–257. Dell, M. Fedman, C.1999. Direct from Dell: Strategies that Revolutionised an Industry, London: Harper Collins. Heinrich, C.E. 2005. RFID and Beyond. Indianapolis: Wiley Sons. Naylor et al. 1999. Leagility: Integrating the lean and agile manufacturing paradigms in the total supply chain. International Journal of Production Economics, 62: 107- 118. Appendices An Agile versus lean supply chains for market qualifiers An agile supply chain based on information

Taxation Project Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

Taxation Project - Dissertation Example Due to changes in economic conditions, countries have been forced to review their VAT system so as to ensure economic stability and economic development sustainability. The United Kingdom is one of the countries that have well established VAT system. In the recent past, the UK government has increased its VAT rates as a way of generating more revenues to meet the ever increasing expenditures. Notably, this economic policy has had far-reaching effects on businesses and end consumers. This research paper examines the effects of increasing VAT rates in the country. TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 Background of VAT system in UK†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 Research Objectives and Aims†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.8 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.8 Fluctuations of VAT in UK†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.9 Effects of Increase in VAT rates in UK†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦11 An increase in Consumer Price Index UK†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..12 Tax Evasion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..12 Increase in compliance cost†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.14 Increase in cost of Living among the general population†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦15 Lower levels of growth in the retail sector†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦.†¦16 Other Effects†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦16 Summary of Previous Research†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..17 Chapter 3: METHODOLOGY†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦18 Primary Research†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦18 Secondary Research†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦.18 Research Approach†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..19 Questionnaire used for the Research Study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..20 Critique of Methodology†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦20 Chapter 4: ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..21 Chapter 5: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..24 REFERENCES†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦.27 APPENDIXES†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦29 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION Background to Value Added Tax (VAT) in the UK According to Adam and Browne (2009), value added tax (VAT) and income tax contribute more than two-thirds of total tax revenue in the United States, the UK, Canada and in other countries around the wor ld. The value added tax is a proportional tax paid in sales. It has been utilised as a mechanism for taxing goods and services consumed within a country’s economy. This is a consumption tax which is distinct from other consumption taxes which include sales and income taxes. VAT has become an important source of revenue in most countries. In the United Kingdom, the national government has been subjected to a great deal of pressure to increase its revenue to be used to facilitate balancing of the budget. In order to meet these demands, the state has resorted to VAT as the primary means of raising substantial revenues. Like in most countries around the world, UK government collects VAT at every stage of economic value addition process